A Mythical Analysis Of A Yaqui Way Of Knowledge :: essays research papers fc

A Mythical Analysis of A Yaqui Way of Knowledge In the summer of 1960 a UCLA anthropology student traveled to the southwest to do research on medicinal plants. While at a bus station, he met an extraordinary man. His name was don Juan Mateus, but I will refer to him as don Juan. Don Juan, a Yaqui "brujo" or shaman, decides to teach Carlos the "Yaqui way of knowledge." It is not known if these stories are fiction or non- fiction and many critics still debate over his writings. I interpret his books as modern mythological stories for several reasons. The "Heroic Journey Archetype" and shamanistic ideologies, and also the general moral, explainative, and philosophical content of his writings indicate that these stories can be viewed as "modern myth". Throughout Casteneda's stories you can see the "Heroic Journey Archetype". Carlos goes through a restless stage and breaks ties with his studies and professors at school. He moves forward with the help of don Juan, whose shamanic wisdom enlightens and guides Carlos along his spiritual path. He also faces death many times in his quest to become a warrior. Finally, after many years, he "passes through". This mythological archetype is one of the main reasons I believe his stories are mythical in nature. There are also many shamanistic idealogies that run throughout his stories. Views of the natural world including plant life, animal life, and elements are all personified. Everything is embodied with spirit. Concepts of reality are altered through drug induced states. Mushrooms and peyote are mainly used in rituals that don Juan uses to teach Carlos his way of knowledge: Mescalito, the "spirit" of the peyote plant, indicated to don Juan that Carlos was the "chosen" one, the person to whom don Juan should pass on his knowledge(CLC,87). Don Juan speaks of many different spirits and separate realities. His teaching's gave an explanation to man's view of existence and his ignorance resulting from attachment to the material world. Mythological proof is also found in don Juan's teachings, which compare Indian folklore, mysticism, and philosophy. Don Juan explains that there are many different planes of reality and that a warrior must detach himself with the aid of an ally. Carlos's ally is "Mescalito" or the spirit of the peyote plant. Don Juan's ally is "the little smoke"; a mixture made from hallucinogenic mushrooms. He explains that all life is made up of controlled folly and attachment to the material world causes ignorance and blindness. A warrior must learn to "see" and an ally helps achieve these states of non-ordinary "seeing." Don Juan's teachings are closely related to Buddhist philosophy.

Parental Involvement And Its Relationship To Discipline In Elementary Schools Essay

There is a plethora of research on books, journal articles, and stand-alone reports on the subject of parental involvement and its relationship to discipline in schools. These writings include research reports, expert opinions, theory papers, program descriptions, and guidelines for how to address this issue. Many of these reports are informative and useful, and because parental involvement and its link to discipline have been greatly emphasized in the past few years, there is considerable current information. An important influence on the way parents raise their children are the experiences they have in their family of origin (Hops, Davis, Leve, & Sheeber, 2003). The way a person is raised influences the rest of their life. Socioeconomic status can have a very significant effect on a family and how parents behave with their children. This effect continues into the school environment and could be directly related to how students behave in schools (Hops et al. ). The extra stress that families from a lower Socio Economic Status (SES) household experience can cause parents to use more punitive parenting practices. Some students have shown that, along with the economic hardships families from low SES groups experience, minority ethnic groups also have to deal with the added stress of racism (Pinderhuges, Dodge, Bates, Pettit, & Zelli, 2000). These factors all have an influence on parental involvement and its relationship to discipline in schools. Discipline concerns in schools are not new. MacDonald (2002) stated that student behaviors that require discipline have always existed in schools. However, it is the seriousness and widespread nature of discipline concerns that is disturbing. School campuses, once islands of safety, are now faced with violence daily (MacDonald). School discipline problems are impacting every demographic segment of society. O’Donoghue (2005) stated that in the 1990s, discipline concerns were viewed widely as an inner city phenomenon, but since then, discipline concerns have been distributed across the entire spectrum of schools in the United States of America. At a time when our nation’s children need adult guidance the most, some parents retreat from involvement in their child’s schools. Johnson (1999) stated that our nation’s youths are making desperately poor choices oftentimes guided by equally confused peers. All children, youths, adolescents, and teenagers alike need the advocacy and support of parents. Parental involvement is vital to the behavior and achievement of students. Unfortunately, many parents are doing much less than they should be doing. According to the U. S. Department of Education (2005), American mothers, on the average, spend less than half an hour a day talking, explaining, or reading with their children, and fathers spend less than 15 minutes interacting with their children. As vital as parental involvement is to discipline in schools, many parents do much less than they should and many schools engage in practices which serve to limit the extent of parental involvement. Literature Review Several researchers have attempted to categorize parental involvement according to the nature or type of activity in which parents are involved. Epstein and Salinas (2004) suggested that parents may be involved as tutors, volunteers, advisory committee members, school board members, or room mothers or room fathers. They grouped these types into three basic groups: advocates, decision-making partners, and co-production partners. They defined advocacy as politically active parental involvement; decision-making refers to parental involvement as committee members; and co-production refers to parental involvement in those areas or activities that contribute to school efforts for developing and planning and instructing students toward improved behavior and achievement (Epstein & Salinas). Data from the 2005 Children’s Defense Fund indicated that every day in American, 13,076 students are suspended from school, 6,042 students are arrested, 3,356 high school students drop out of school, and 3,087 students are corporally punished. Additionally, more than 3 million acts of violence and theft were reported in American public schools (Walker, Colvin, & Ramsey, 2005). A factor in improving discipline in American schools is to empower school personnel to be proactive rather than reactive. This means that teachers must become skilled in behavior management strategies that would enable them to create school environments that motivate students to act according to school and classroom rules as well as foster positive interpersonal interactions with peers and authority figures (Lewis & Sugai, 1999). In contrast to zero tolerance policies that emphasize punishing instead of positive consequences, it is critical to stress positive incentives that will motivate all students to behave (Lewis & Sugai). When schools develop disciplinary action plans, parents should be included at every stage of the process to obtain their input and to give them a sense of shared responsibility. According to the National Parent Teacher Association (2004), the following three types of parental involvement are critical to a child’s education: (a) parents as first educators in the home; (b) parents as partners with the school; and (c) parents as advocates for children in society. The full involvement of parents is vital to the success of these efforts. Barton, Coley, and Wenglinsky (1998) identified four basic components of parental involvement: the basic obligation of parents, school to home communications which include monitoring students’ discipline, parental involvement at school, and parental involvement in learning activities at home. Children growing up in society today need parental involvement and adult attention more than ever before (Comer, 2006). Parents belong at the center of a child’s education. The single best way to improve students’ behavior is by strengthening parents’ role in it, by both reinforcing parents’ relationships with the school and by helping and encouraging parents in their critical job of teaching the young. Not all teachers are parents, but all parents are teachers (Comer). The most basic statement that can be made about parent and family involvement is that when it is effective, everyone benefits. Research has shown us conclusively that effective parental involvement in education benefits parents, teachers, and students, whether the involvement is at the pre-school, elementary, middle, or high school level (State Department of Iowa, 1999). Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study was to examine issues surrounding parental involvement in schools. The experiences of parents were examined with the goal of giving parents an opportunity to express themselves in parent surveys. The study brought new insights to the body of research concerning parental involvement and its relationship to discipline in schools. Research Questions 1. What is the relationship between the level of parental involvement and the number of student discipline referrals? 2. What is the relationship between socio economic status and the level of parental involvement? 3. What is the relationship between the level of parental involvement and student academic success? Limitations/Delimitations Limitations 1. This study was limited to two elementary schools in a Trenton, North Carolina school district. 2. One limitation would be the honesty of parents’ responses. 3. Another limitation would be the sample size of the respondents; therefore, the findings should be viewed with caution. Delimitations 1. Duplication of the study may or may not produce the same results. 2. The study analyzed one school year of discipline records for students. Definition of Terms Parental Involvement – Parents’ level of active involvement in their child’s education (Epstein & Salinas, 2004). Parenting Styles – What strategies parents use to as it relates to disciplining their children at home (Coolahan, McWayn, Fantuzzo, & Grim, 2002). Socioeconomic Status – A person’s social and economic status (Bradley & Corwyn, 2002). Student Academic Success – measured by students’ mathematics and reading scores obtained from the Georgia Criterion-Referenced Competency Tests (GCRCT). Student Discipline – Control or order exercised over students. The system of rules used to maintain this control (Barton, Coley, & Wenglinsky, 1998). Student Referrals – Discipline referrals students receive for disciplinary problems in school (Gosche, 2005). Importance of the Study It has become increasingly evident that parental involvement in education contributes to students’ success in school. Research also suggests that when parents are involved in their children’s learning at school and at home, discipline referrals decrease at school and academic progress increases (Comer, 2006). This study is important because it investigated the relationship between the level of parental involvement and student academic success. It also investigated the relationship between the level of parental involvement and the number of student discipline referrals and the relationship between socio economic status and the level of parental involvement. It is essential for this data to be examined because the results will assist school boards, statewide evaluators, and school personnel in restructuring the learning environment to address and include parental involvement and its relationship to discipline in schools. Chapter Two will provide a review of the literature findings on parental involvement and discipline. CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Introduction Not all parents are involved in their children’s school although there is a dire need for parental involvement and guidance in schools (Kornbluth, 1997). All children, regardless of age, need the unwavering support of their parents to further guide their academic growth. According to the U. S. Department of Education (2005), â€Å"American mothers, on the average, spend less than half an hour a day talking, explaining, or reading with their children, and fathers spend less than 15 minutes daily interacting with their children† (p. 2). The U. S. Department of Education further stated that positive results such as increased student performance, better communication between parents and teachers, and better socialization skills occurred when parents play an active role in their children’s education. According to Barton, Coley, and Wenglinsky (1998), chaos in the schoolhouse requires disciplinary measures. An exemplary discipline program is truly vital to the success of schools, thus making good discipline an educational requirement. Research has shown that when schools have discipline problems, academic achievement is negatively affected. As a result, a distinct relationship exists between how students achieve academically and their behavior in school (Barton, et al. ). A dire need exists for parents to partner and communicate with school staff so that problems with discipline could be reduced. Johnson (1999) stated that poor choices are often made by children and adolescents in the United States, and these choices are oftentimes aided by their bemused peers. Research by Kornbluth (2006) has noted that many schools do not put forth enough effort to enlist parents’ support and involvement in schools. On the other hand, Waggoner and Griffith’s (2001) research revealed that students with involved parents performed at higher levels on standardized tests than students with uninvolved parents. In a similar vein, Kornbluth’s study found that students not only performed better in school but also improved in discipline when their parents were actively involved in their education. It has become increasingly evident that parental involvement in education is a major contributing factor to reduced disciplinary concerns and a need for disciplinary action in schools. An article by the San Diego County Office of Education (2000) entitled, What Does Research Tell us About the Influence of Parental Involvement on Student Achievement, includes research on the benefits of parents nurturing their children at home and the importance of parents setting academic goals and expectations for their children. It also stresses the importance of parents’ involvement in their children’s education as it relates to their academic success. According to Parlardy (2005), parental involvement produces a decline in classroom disruptions and the need for disciplinary action while improving school climate, teacher and student morale, and student achievement. Cotton’s (2001) study revealed the importance of effective schoolwide and classroom discipline strategies and lists various ways to improve discipline in schools such as staff commitment to achievement, parental involvement, high expectations for students and faculty, clearly defined rules, and good school climate. Additionally, Wright, Wright, and Heath (2004) provided research on how the No child Left Behind act affects parents, teachers, administrators, and students as it relates to discipline and parental involvement. Waggoner and Griffith’s (2001) research supported parental involvement since it strengthens teacher/parent/student relationships and reinforces teachers’ expectations in the home environment. Homework is another area where parental involvement is critical. When parents are aware of what the curriculum entails and what teachers expect, they are better equipped to help their children with homework so that increased learning could occur. Kornbluth (2006) provided data to support the importance of parental involvement in schools. The results of their study revealed that students with involved parents performed better on tests than students with uninvolved parents. Hand in hand with parental involvement is involving the community in the school. Epstein and Salinas (2004) noted the benefits of partnering with the community. These benefits included having businesses become partners in education and serving on school councils along with parents. The benefit that is derived from this is that the community is involved in the decision-making process of the school and; therefore, has a pulse for the school’s goals and missions. As a result, one of the goals will also be to decrease disciplinary infractions and improve student learning. What is Parental Involvement? There are numerous books, journal articles, and stand-alone reports on the subject of parents’ involvement in their children’s education. Parental involvement is a term that frequently has different meanings to people. Nevertheless, it is safe to say that parental involvement covers a multitude of interactions between parents, students, and the school (Swap, 1998). Swap further postulated that parental involvement may be as simple as a parent attending a Parent Teacher Association (PTA) meeting or a conference with the teacher or as complex as representing other parents in decision-making situations or other aspects of school governance. In general, parents may take an active role, passive role, or non-involvement role regarding their participation in the school their child attends. A review of literature indicates that there are several strategies and activities available to parents, teachers, and administrators to obtain optimum parental involvement at different levels of commitment. For example, parents may volunteer to read to a class, become a book buddy for a student, or work with their child on take-home learning materials (Gordon, 1998). The research overwhelmingly demonstrates that parental involvement is a component that is positively related to improving students’ discipline and achievement in schools. When defining parental involvement, it is very important to consider Brandt’s (1979) four basic assumptions about parental involvement. The first assumption is that the family’s capabilities for providing a learning environment that accentuates the positive elements of cognitive and emotional factors can be improved (parent impact model). The second assumption is that the child’s health, nutrition, social, and psychological development influences academic learning (comprehensive services model). The third assumption is that when schools are made more responsive to parents, this responsiveness will lead to better discipline and achievement by the child (school impact model). The fourth assumption for parental involvement is that everything relates to everything else (community impact model). Swap (1998) asserted that various models have different assumptions and goals that must be clear to all participants. Swap’s premise of parental involvement described four models and their goals: The protective model’s goal is to reduce conflict between parents and educators, primarily through the separation of parents’ and educators’ functions and to protect the school from interference by parents. The second model’s goal (school to home transmission) is to enlist parents in supporting the objectives of the school. The third model’s goal (curriculum enrichment) is to expand and extent the school’s curriculum by incorporating the contributions of families. Finally, the fourth model’s goal (partnership) is for parents and educators to work together to accomplish a common mission – success for all children. Barriers to Effective Parental Involvement According to Hampton, Mumford, and Bond (1998), many students come from home environments described as America’s worst problems such as drug abuse, neglect, alcoholism, and domestic violence. On the other hand, Kornbluth (1997) maintained that not all students are in trouble because their parents are irresponsible, lazy, or uninvolved. Many students come from good homes, and they have parents who are doing their best to care for them. Often parents face different circumstances that affect how well they believe they can make contributions to their children’s education. Issues such as language barriers, work schedules, transportation, and access to childcare, for example, affect the frequency and conditions under which parents believe they can realistically spend time in schools (Kornbluth). Seeley (1999) noted that another complicating factor facing parental involvement is the idea that some well-meaning school staff members feel that they have been delegated as the educators of children and the sole responsibility for education is in their hands. Seely proposed that this idea of delegation has been subconsciously signaled to the parents so that they do not need to be involved in their children’s educational experiences. In brief, Seeley’s study concluded that one must convince all involved in the child’s education that parental involvement is essential to the education process. This study further implied that once parents and teachers understand the importance of parental involvement, they will be willing to commit do doing all that is necessary to achieve the identified goals. Davies (1998a) revealed that the growing number and variety of students’ ethnic, economic, and social backgrounds make reaching out to families increasingly complex. Educators who think only in terms of traditional families are likely to have a particularly hard time dealing with today’s great variety of family types. Davies suggested that educators must face their own misperceptions about parents. However, a child born to parents who are mature, educated, employed, and married is statistically more likely to do well rather than a child who lacks that family support, even if the child is exposed to a host of government intervention programs. Parenting Styles and Ethnicity According to Coolahan, McWayn, Fantuzzo, and Grim (2002), parenting styles differ based on ethnicity and are also determined by parents’ characteristics. Parents from different cultures may have different characteristics and may, therefore, use different parenting styles when raising their children. For example, ethnic differences have been found in the acceptance of spanking. Thus, there may also be ethnic differences in parenting (Pinderhughes, Dodge, Bates, Pettit, & Zelli, 2000). Research has found the authoritarian parenting style to be more common among African-American families than European-American families (Clark & Gross, 2003). Families from the same SES group but from different ethnic groups have been found to have differing levels of stress. For example, African-American families with low SES report higher levels of stress than European-American families with the same SES. This could be due to the fact that African-American families are also vulnerable to additional race-related stressors (Pinderhughes et al. , 2000). The Asian-American culture differs from European and Mexican-American cultures. Studies have shown that the styles of parenting used among Asian-American families may differ significantly in some areas. For example, Liu (2003) found two main types of parenting styles among Asian-American families. They are care and overprotection. When parents use the care styles of parenting, they are affectionate, emotionally warm, empathic, and close to their children. However, many Asian-American families use a style of parenting that closely resembles an authoritarian style called overprotection in which parents strictly enforce rules and discourage independent behavior. The overprotection style of parenting is comprised of parental control, overprotection, intrusion, excessive contact, and prevention of independent behavior. Other studies have found that the families who use the care style of parenting are closer and more functional with each other (Kee, Sim, Tech, Tian, & Ng, 2003). They also found the families who use the overprotection style of parenting to be more dysfunctional on the average. Other studies on parenting styles and ethnicity have found African-American families from low SES groups to have a more punitive attitude towards their children because of the higher levels of stress they experience (Pinderhughes, et al. , 2000). This attitude would lead to a more authoritarian style of parenting. Authoritative parenting predicts good psychosocial outcomes and problem behaviors in all ethnic groups and is associated with increased academic performance (Steinberg, Darling, & Fletcher, 2005). Parenting Styles and Their Relationship to Discipline Parenting styles begin determining, to a significant degree, how a child will develop at a very early age. For example, with infants, sensitive, responsive maternal behavior is associated with healthy and secure mother-infant relationships (Isabella, Belsky, & von Eye, 1999). According to Schaefer (2000), parenting style is the single most important factor associated with conduct disorders. Behavioral instability and non-optimal parenting across four generations was examined by Gosche (2005), and it was reported that non-optimal parenting is reproduced in subsequent generations due to the development of unstable behavioral styles in children exposed to poor parenting. Children who are exposed to more hostility from their parents are more likely to display aggressive behavioral styles as adolescents and adults which, in part, cause their aggressive and hostile behavior toward their children (Gosche).

Essay on E-Commerce - Week 7 - 626 Words

Course: BUSN320 Assignment: Week 7 Assignment As the owner of an online surfing gear business, you periodically study the customer paths on your site. This week youve noticed a high percentage of customers abandoning their orders at checkout. Outline the possible reasons as well as how you would correct the problem. Have you ever gone online to checkout a website? And as you browsed through, you add things to your shopping cart as you go along. At the end you decide to go to your shopping cart and go through the process as if you were going to check out, you look at your total and decide to come back later. And that’s if you decide to purchase those items. I know for sure that I am guilt of that. When an online store sees†¦show more content†¦But there are ways that online stores can minimize shopping cart abandonment. They must ensure that their store is user friendly. During the shopping process always allow your customer to review the steps they have taking as well as the product at anytime (Tuttle, B., Sep 27, 2012). Using an online comparison tool is always a great thing. Ensure that your online shopping process is clear and easy to follow. You must keep a clear count of what you have in stock. This will allow the customer to purchase more than one item. Using ic ons of the product in the shopping cart is also a great way to let the customer see what they are purchasing when they are viewing their carts. Be clear on your return policy. You can also send reminders to your customer to let them know that they have items in their shopping cart. It is also a good idea not to empty the carts too soon. You want to try and keep them active for at least 60 days (Tuttle, B., Sep 27, 2012). References * Bustos, L. (Aug 10, 2012). Shopping Carts Abandonment Stats. http://www.getelastic.com/shopping-cart-abandonment-stats-infographic/ * Roggio, A. (Apr 24, 2012). 3 Tips for Managing Shopping Cart Abandonment. http://www.practicalecommerce.com/articles/3497-3-Tips-for-Managing-Shopping-Cart-Abandonment * Tuttle, B. (Sep 27, 2012). The Passive-Aggressive Way to Haggle Online: Abandon Your Shopping Cart.Show MoreRelatedDiscuss the Global Impact of E-Commerce on Society. Essay1207 Words   |  5 PagesP 2.2 Discuss the global impact of e-Commerce on society. 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Global Warming The Signs And The Science - 1086 Words

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War I And World War II - 771 Words

A state of isolationism was a goal too great for America to handle. America and its leaders had sought to stay out of both World War I and World War II only to be pulled in by intense happenings that inflicted chaos on the nations people. World War II would be a time in American history that would bring many fresh war tactics and developments, that helped to pull a depraved nation from the depths of a depression as well as pledge the freedom and prosperity of its opposing nations. Dangerous discoveries will be made in the world would be left to be governed by two world powers. Hoping to remain a neutral nation and be in a state of isolationism was a dream that would be ended very soon for America. With Japan, and it s a leader Admiral Yamamoto acting as an aggressor nation the US wanted to indirectly impact Japan, and so on oil embargo was passed, stopping all oil and steel trading with Japan. This left the island nation of Japan having to seek new resources in South East Asia, and made the Japanese realize that they could not inflict any relation on America unless it s naval fleet was gone. As a result of this realization, Admiral Yamamoto made a plan to attack Americas naval fleet in Pearl Harbor. On December 7, 1941 Japanese planes attacked Pearl Harbor and destroyed naval vessels and pulling America into the war and as stated by the Japanese â€Å"awaken a sleeping giant.† The US was completely unprepared for the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor. An effort to have manyShow MoreRelatedThe War I And World War II1660 Words   |  7 Pagesin thehistory of the world were World War I and World War II. World War I occurred from 1914 to 1918. World War I was caused by militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism and assassination (MANIA). The first four causations were more of a build-up to it. 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North Korea as a Nuclear power Free Essays

It is now known that North Korea, continuing on the path of defying the international community, became a nuclear nation, or is close to becoming one within a short period of time, depending on a variety of factors. The latest declaration of the North Korean government regarding conducting a nuclear test is bringing the chapter of this country in what concerns its relations with the rest of the world to its final phases. According to Abramowitz and Lynch (2006), the White House wants the various members of the United Nations, especially those with permanent seats in the Security Council, to agree on immediate measures that can be considered as punitive actions against the government in Pyongyang. We will write a custom essay sample on North Korea as a Nuclear power or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two authors state that there are still doubts and questions concerning the â€Å"the strength and success of the reported North Korean explosion, but there was little doubt among White House officials, lawmakers and outside experts that the action added a volatile new ingredient to an already dangerous world environment†. The doubts concerning the test are caused by two factors: First, that the United States and other countries do not trust what the regime of North Korea says, and the second is what was stated by Naughton and Knight (2006) when they reported that the test was done through the detenation of bomb underground, and that the explosion caused an earthquake measuring about 3.6 on the Richter scale. This gives us an idea that the explosive device was of some size around 500 tonnes, which makes its power reach the equivalent of one-thirtieth of the power of the bomb deployed against the city of Hiroshima at the end of the World War II. Even though there is total agreement between the permanent members of the Security Council to condemn this action, there are still certain doubts about the next steps to be taken. As it is widely known, North Korea is practically suffering from a regime of sanctions imposed on it by many countries (including the United States), but there are other elements to take into consideration. As Nichols (2006) reports, â€Å"despite the hard-edged rhetoric, foreign policy analysts and nuclear experts pointed out the obvious: World powers have tried to bully, threaten, cajole, entice, sanction and sweet talk North Korea into the community of nations for 50 years, without success.† This is a difficult reality to deal with, especially when we know that countries like China (and maybe Russia) are always reluctant whenever the discussions reach the point of severe sanctions. According to Jim Walsh, a North Korea expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the United States and Japan do not really have many options if China refuses to pass a strong resolution against North Korea (Nichols, 2006) The image that we have about North Korea, according to Harrison (2006), is not a correct one. The country is politically stable and is growing economically. â€Å"North Korea is stable and there is more economic activity in Pyongyang than I have ever seen—more cars and bicycles, better-dressed people, more restaurants, more small mom and pop stores, and above all more interest in making money.† From this angle, we can understand why sanctions did not work in the past, and why it is possible that it would not work in the future; in addition to the fact that North Korean officials have already declared that â€Å"sanctions imposed by the US were a declaration of war, and had forced it [the government of North Korea] to go ahead with plans for testing.† The worrying factor here is the impact that is expected on the countries in the region: â€Å"There are fears that a North Korean nuclear test could trigger a regional arms race. Japan could seek its own nuclear deterrent in a move that could aggravate historical tensions between Japan on one hand and China and South Korea on the other† (The Guardian). The government in North Korea is a dictatorship that has a terrible record in what concerns human rights and the persecution of political opposition and with subjects related to public freedoms. When a regime like that is allowed (or not completely opposed) to possessing nuclear weapons, this would create a grave threat to the world and it should be taken seriously. The duty of the international community is to responsibly deal with this responsibly, and to go through all the options that should stop the threat of a nuclear North Korea. REFERENCES Abramowitz, M.    Lynch, C. (2006, October 10). U.S. Urges Sanctions on North Korea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Washington Post. Retrieved October 10, 2006 Naughton, P., Knight, S. (2006, october 9). World searches for response to North Korea nuclear   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘test’. Times Online. Retrieved October 11, 2006 from: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2395600,00.html Nichols, B. (2006, October 19). Condemnation swift, but options are limited. USA Today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved October 11, 2006, from: http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-10-09-nuke-test-reaction_x.htm Harrison, S. (2005, September 19). North Korea: A Nuclear Threat. Newsweek International.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved October 10, 2006 Pyongyang defiant over nuclear test. (2006, October 4). The Guardian. Retrieved October 10, 2006, from:   http://www.guardian.co.uk/korea/article/0,,1887353,00.html How to cite North Korea as a Nuclear power, Essay examples North Korea as a nuclear power Free Essays It is now known that North Korea, continuing on the path of defying the international community, became a nuclear nation, or is close to becoming one within a short period of time, depending on a variety of factors. The latest declaration of the North Korean government regarding conducting a nuclear test is bringing the chapter of this country in what concerns its relations with the rest of the world to its final phases. According to Abramowitz and Lynch (2006), the White House wants the various members of the United Nations, especially those with permanent seats in the Security Council, to agree on immediate measures that can be considered as punitive actions against the government in Pyongyang. We will write a custom essay sample on North Korea as a nuclear power or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two authors state that there are still doubts and questions concerning the â€Å"the strength and success of the reported North Korean explosion, but there was little doubt among White House officials, lawmakers and outside experts that the action added a volatile new ingredient to an already dangerous world environment†. The doubts concerning the test are caused by two factors: First, that the United States and other countries do not trust what the regime of North Korea says, and the second is what was stated by Naughton and Knight (2006) when they reported that the test was done through the detenation of bomb underground, and that the explosion caused an earthquake measuring about 3.6 on the Richter scale. This gives us an idea that the explosive device was of some size around 500 tonnes, which makes its power reach the equivalent of one-thirtieth of the power of the bomb deployed against the city of Hiroshima at the end of the World War II. Even though there is total agreement between the permanent members of the Security Council to condemn this action, there are still certain doubts about the next steps to be taken. As it is widely known, North Korea is practically suffering from a regime of sanctions imposed on it by many countries (including the United States), but there are other elements to take into consideration. As Nichols (2006) reports, â€Å"despite the hard-edged rhetoric, foreign policy analysts and nuclear experts pointed out the obvious: World powers have tried to bully, threaten, cajole, entice, sanction and sweet talk North Korea into the community of nations for 50 years, without success.† This is a difficult reality to deal with, especially when we know that countries like China (and maybe Russia) are always reluctant whenever the discussions reach the point of severe sanctions. According to Jim Walsh, a North Korea expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the United States and Japan do not really have many options if China refuses to pass a strong resolution against North Korea (Nichols, 2006) The image that we have about North Korea, according to Harrison (2006), is not a correct one. The country is politically stable and is growing economically. â€Å"North Korea is stable and there is more economic activity in Pyongyang than I have ever seen—more cars and bicycles, better-dressed people, more restaurants, more small mom and pop stores, and above all more interest in making money.† From this angle, we can understand why sanctions did not work in the past, and why it is possible that it would not work in the future; in addition to the fact that North Korean officials have already declared that â€Å"sanctions imposed by the US were a declaration of war, and had forced it [the government of North Korea] to go ahead with plans for testing.† The worrying factor here is the impact that is expected on the countries in the region: â€Å"There are fears that a North Korean nuclear test could trigger a regional arms race. Japan could seek its own nuclear deterrent in a move that could aggravate historical tensions between Japan on one hand and China and South Korea on the other† (The Guardian). The government in North Korea is a dictatorship that has a terrible record in what concerns human rights and the persecution of political opposition and with subjects related to public freedoms. When a regime like that is allowed (or not completely opposed) to possessing nuclear weapons, this would create a grave threat to the world and it should be taken seriously. The duty of the international community is to responsibly deal with this responsibly, and to go through all the options that should stop the threat of a nuclear North Korea. REFERENCES Abramowitz, M.    Lynch, C. (2006, October 10). U.S. Urges Sanctions on North Korea.    Washington Post. Retrieved October 10, 2006,  from:   http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-  Ã‚   dyn/content/article/2006/10/09/AR2006100900419_pf.html Naughton, P., Knight, S. (2006, october 9). World searches for response to North Korea nuclear   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘test’. Times Online. Retrieved October 11, 2006 from: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2395600,00.html Nichols, B. (2006, October 19). Condemnation swift, but options are limited. USA Today.   Ã‚   Retrieved October 11, 2006, from:   http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-10-09-nuke-test-reaction_x.htm Harrison, S. (2005, September 19). North Korea: A Nuclear Threat. Newsweek International.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved October 10, 2006, from:   http://msnbc.msn.com/id/15175633/site/newsweek/ Pyongyang defiant over nuclear test. (2006, October 4). The Guardian. Retrieved October 10,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2006, from:   http://www.guardian.co.uk/korea/article/0,,1887353,00.html How to cite North Korea as a nuclear power, Essay examples

Principles of Organizational Behaviour Satisfaction

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Organizational Behaviour Satisfaction. Answer: The purpose of this essay is to give detail account of relation between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. It will give detail about one service organization and how several factors have influenced job satisfaction at the organisation. It will mention specific factors influences job commitment. It will explain it by relevant example supervisors management style. CARE Australia is an Australian non-profit humanitarian aid agency which assists in disaster management and addresses the problem of global poverty in developed countries. It is a part of 12 member committee of CARE International. It is one of the worlds largest emergency aid and developmental assistance organization. It was founded by former Prime Minister of Australia, Malcolm Fraser in 1987. Their primary vision is to create a world of tolerance and social justice where people have overcome poverty and they live in dignity and security. Their employees are committed to ending poverty and maintaining dignity of people. Their vision is to serve the poorest communities in the world. They draw strength from global diversity, resources and experience to get innovative solutions to poverty (CARE Australia 2016). Job satisfaction is the degree of contentment that employees feel towards their jobs. It can be influenced by several factors like persons ability to meet job responsibility, level of communication in organization and the way organization treats their employees. In organizational behaviour context, organizational commitment is the individual employees psychological attachment with the organization. The more attached they are with the organization, the better they will perform. Organizational commitment study is the basis for predicting other work variable like turnover, employees performance and employee behaviour in organization. Quality of leadership, level of employee empowerment, job insecurity and employability are the factors that highly affect workers sense of organizational commitment (Mowday 2013). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment is also an important factor in CARE Australia as they will be able to achieve their goals of serving the community only when they ar e committed to the vision of the company. It will enable them to pursue the goal of organization with maximum effort and passion. Researchers have shown the perceived relationship between job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance. They investigated the impact of job satisfaction and job performance on organizational commitment. In one study, researchers studied the behaviour of 200 employees in Turkey after completion of standardized questionnaire on job satisfaction and job commitment. They performed regression analysis to determine the validity of result. The result showed that positive relation exists between job satisfaction and performance and organizational commitment has strong impact on employees attitude towards work. It highlighted the importance of giving enough job security to employees so that overall production of organization increases and they reach new goals in their service delivery. This approach would also help in decreasing the rate of absenteeism and employee turnover in organization (Cheema et al. 2014). The happier the employees are with the employer the better attitudes they hold towards work. Again, a company, which motivates its employees and encourage new idea, is seen to progress rapidly due to the better performance of the employees with lots of dedication and to come up with new innovative and promising ideas. Job satisfaction, therefore, plays a crucial role for the better performance of the employees. Commitment towards organization depends on upon the work environment, a scope for promotions and incentives and salaries payable (Wyer and Srull 2014). Researchers have shown that organizational commitments predict certain variables such as organizational citizenship, absenteeism, work performance and turnover. If the management appreciates the initiatives of the employees, then it will enhance the commitment and the positive attitude towards the company. Better organizational commitment reduces absenteeism and improves job satisfaction (Malott and Shane 2015). Staff turnover is a significant threat to organizational commitment. The management needs to discover the causes of the job frustration and low morality of the employees as it affects their efficiency and productivity A company must always aim to achieve organizational commitment, which is referred to the identification of the employees' involvement in the company. It is ensured by ascertaining three factors that the employees have accepted the goals and values of the company; secondly, their willingness and capabilities to achieve such goals and values and finally, their love for the company and their strong desire to remain in the company. The attitudes of the employees have a direct impact on all the aspects of the company. Studies show that a company is incapable of attaining its goals and values if it does not possess a team of committed employees (Wilson 2013). Employees at CARE Australia have been influenced by changing workforce, societal change, technology and globalization. Amidst all this adversities, Care Australia has managed to look after the needs of the employees so that they respect the mission of the organization. They had to face several challenges due to dynamic nature of work environment. They have facilitated lasting change by strengthening capacity for help in job, providing better job opportunity and growth, addressing discrimination in all forms and implementing policies related job commitment at all level (CARE Australia. 2016). The work at Care Australia is very dynamic. It is evident from their different long-term project for employee development. They have implemented program such as Agriculture and food security to help families produce more food and increase their income, education programme that supports the community to overcome social barriers in education, nutrition programmes that addresses malnutrition, water, sanitation and environmental health program and many others. Seeing the dynamic nature of job at CARE Australia, satisfying employees is a challenging job for them. Their efficiency may get hamper due to this factors. CARE Australia try to give better working condition to employees (CARE Australia. 2016). Globalization has made the market scenario very unpredictable and dynamic. Hence, CARE Australia had to handle issues like cross training, widened job scope, personnel management, and interdepartmental communication. They even need to work in such a way that the companies will excel in quantity as well as quality but at a reduced cost (Kersiene and Savaneviciene 2015). Employees at Care Australia have gained from global market opportunity as it has given them the chance to work with maximum accessibility to resource. Global threat has invited new level of competition among employees of Care Australia and it has pushed them to excel despite presence of several competitors in market. The management at Care Australia must be well versed with the capabilities of the employees. This will help them to gel with the employees who in turn will bring happiness and dedication in the minds of the employees, and they will become ready to face and tackle any challenges that are being faced by the management (Borkowski 2015). CARE Australia has efficiently used technology to enhance their performance and extending their support to a wider community. This has further enhanced employees commitment to CARE Australia. Accurate use of technological tools have enable staffs at CARE Australia to deliver life saving assistance and bring long lasting change to poor community in the world. Excellent service delivery has been possible because of talented, passionate and committed employees. Gender equality and women empowerment is central to CAREs program for effective poverty management (Elias et al. 2012). External factors such as modernization of technologies have made the work easier and by establishing a new equilibrium in the work structure. With the advent of new companies in the market, there is a steep rise in competition in the market with new products and new demands of the consumers. Thus, the existing buyers needed to realize the demands of the consumers and adjust to the situation. Social changes such as urbanization, education reshaped the workforce and their nature of work. Political and legal changes affected the operations of the organization compelling them to operate within the parameter of the legal sanctions (Felcio et al. 2013). On the other hand, internal forces such as conflicts in an organization such as hostile working environment or employment dissatisfaction initiate an unhealthy relationship between the employer and the employee that causes low productivity, poor service to consumers, increasing employee turnovers, absenteeism and other harassments in the wo rkplace. The management styles are generally, influenced by the local culture. Different nations have different working cultures such as China gives importance to the leadership quality of the managers whereas in Norway managers focus co-operations and consensus approaches while making decisions. Job characteristics theory recognizes five core characteristics. They are the variety of the skills and talents that an employee needs to develop as per the job requirement, the intensity of the employees to complete the task with visible results, the degree of effectiveness of the task on the lives of other people, the degree by which the job guarantees the employees with discretion to plan their job and the degree to which the employees are aware of the results (Borkowski 2015). The Chief Executive of Care Australia, Luise Gray has played a key role in the success of services of the organization. She owns the responsibility of human resources, business support, and finance and information communication technology. Her motivational leadership style has helped the company to prosper. She looks after all the aspects of company services and ensures that all employees perform to the best of their ability. She listens to their problem and has managed to give them enough job security so that they are extremely committed to the organization. Her endeavour has helped the employees to live the vision and fulfil the mission of the company while maintaining core values (CARE Australia. 2016). From the essay, it can be concluded that positive attitude towards work is crucial to the sustenance of business and service in organization. Organization should provide a healthy and competitive environment relevant to the basic needs of the employees to decrease absenteeism and employee turnover rate in organizations. It emphasizes the role of managers in organization to consciously work to build and sustain good employee relationship. This is the basis for commitment to the work and satisfying employees. References Borkowski, N., 2015.Organizational behavior in health care. Jones Bartlett Publishers. CARE Australia. (2016).CARE Australia - defending dignity, fighting poverty. [online] Available at: https://www.care.org.au/ [Accessed 25 Jul. 2016]. CARE Australia. (2016).Mission vision - CARE Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.care.org.au/who-we-are/mission-vision/ [Accessed 25 Jul. 2016]. CARE Australia. (2016).Staff Board - CARE Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.care.org.au/who-we-are/staff-board/ [Accessed 25 Jul. 2016]. Cheema, S., Imran, H., Arif, I., and Azeem, M., 2014. Relationship between job satisfaction, job performance, attitude towards work, and organizational commitment.Entrepreneurship and innovation management journal,2(2), pp.135-144. Elias, S.M., Smith, W.L. and Barney, C.E., 2012. Age as a moderator of attitude towards technology in the workplace: work motivation and overall job satisfaction.Behaviour Information Technology,31(5), pp.453-467. Felcio, J.A., Gonalves, H.M. and da Conceio Gonalves, V., 2013. Social value and organizational performance in non-profit social organizations: Social entrepreneurship, leadership, and socioeconomic context effects.Journal of Business Research,66(10), pp.2139-2146. Kersiene, K. and Savaneviciene, A., 2015. The Formation and Management of Organizational Competence Based on CrossCultural Perspective.Engineering Economics,65(5). Malott, R. and Shane, J.T., 2015.Principles of behavior. Psychology Press. Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M., 2013.Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press. Wilson, F.M., 2013.Organizational behaviour and work: a critical introduction. Oxford University Press. Wyer Jr, R.S. and Srull, T.K., 2014.Handbook of Social Cognition: Volume 2: Applications. Psychology Press.