St. John Fisher College Admission SAT, Acceptance Rate

A Critique of the Behavioural Theories of Learning

A CRITIQUE OF THE BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES OF LEARNING One of the most debated issues in psychology pertains to the nature and meaning of learning. The systematic study of learning is relatively new as it was in the late nineteenth century that studies in this realm began in a scientific manner. Psychologists borrowed techniques from the physical sciences, and conducted experiments to understand how people and animals learn. Psychologists have tried in the past to define and explain how learning takes place. Two of the most important early researchers were Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike. Among later researchers, B. F. Skinner was important for his studies of the relationship between behaviour and consequences. They are also known†¦show more content†¦They found as reported by Myers D.G, that half a second works well. However if the food i.e. the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) appeared before the bell, the conditioned stimulus (CS), then conditioning is not likely to occur. The bell signals the arrival of food. Pavlov calle d this the law of contiguity: The closer the two are in time (with neutral stimulus preceding presentation of UCS), the stronger the conditioning (generally speaking) Extinction. This concept is similar to common sense idea of forgetting. Pavlov found that when he sounded the tone repeatedly without presenting food, the dog’s salivation also decreased. After the conditioning phase, the conditioned response (CR) gets weaker when the conditioned stimulus (CS) or the bell is not accompanied by the UCS (food). It gets weaker not because the organism no longer remembers the UCS-CS connection. It gets weaker because CR is somehow inhibited. Spontaneous recovery. After extinction trials, the dog will start to salivate again in response to CS after only one pairing of UCS and CS. Pavlov called it spontaneous recovery, where the weakened conditioned response reappeared after a rest pause. This according to Pavlov occurred because extinction was suppressing the conditioned response and not eliminating it. (Myers D.G. p 295) Generalization. Generalization is aShow MoreRelatedA Critique of the Behavioural Theories of Learning4640 Words   |  19 PagesA CRITIQUE OF THE BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES OF LEARNING One of the most debated issues in psychology pertains to the nature and meaning of learning. The systematic study of learning is relatively new as it was in the late nineteenth century that studies in this realm began in a scientific manner. Psychologists borrowed techniques from the physical sciences, and conducted experiments to understand how people and animals learn. Psychologists have tried in the past to define and explain how learningRead MoreThe Problem Of White Collar Criminality918 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferential association theory is in some ways flawed as the heart of Sutherland’s (1939) approach is based on the concept of learning amongst people who share the same anti criminal or pro criminal values and attitudes. In white collar crime, the offender is typically well educated and has been brought up in groups with anti-criminal values. ‘Are we dealing with crimes committed for or against organizations?’ (Nelken: 2002: 851) This must mean tha t the process of learning has happened in some otherRead MoreManaging Organisational And Individual Change Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pagespp.14, 15) define learning as â€Å"The process of acquiring knowledge through experience which leads to a change in behaviour†. Being diagnosed with diabetes involves learning, â€Å"Kolb’s learning cycle 1984† activist stage describes individuals that want to dive into the swimming pool and see what happens, I guess I was more forced into this learning stage rather than wanting to be in this stage. One psychological theory I can relate to my experience of change is Piaget’s theory of cognitive developmentRead MoreChild Abuse Is A Serious Concern Of Society1570 Words   |  7 Pagessociety because of the negative effects on later social and psychological functioning. Particularly, the concern of ‘the cycle of violence hypothesis’ which is one of the most influential conceptual models for antisocial behaviour in the social and behavioural science (DeLisi, Kosloski, Vaughn, Caudill, Trulson, 2014; Lansford, Miller-Johnson, Berlin, Dodge, Bates, Pettit, 2007). Numerous studies have documented the association between childhood physical abuse and later aggressive behavior and violenceRead MoreIlm Leadership859 Words   |  4 Pagesperformance (M5.29) 5 6 Assessment criteria (the learner can) 1.1 Review the prevailing leadership styles in the organisation Assess the impact of the prevailing leadership styles on the organisation’s values and performance Level: Credit value: Learning outcomes (the learner will) 1 Understand leadership styles within an organisation 1.2 2 Be able to review effectiveness of own leadership capability and performance in meeting organisational values and goals 2.1 Assess own abilityRead MoreLearning Styles Literary Review1726 Words   |  7 PagesTheories and Principles of Learning (TPPL) Assignment Part A – Literature review analysing theories and principles of learning. Learning Styles A student’s individual learning style is their normal reaction to information or experiences. For example, Keefe (1979) defines learning styles as the composite of characteristic cognitive, affective, and physiological factors that serve as relatively stable indicators of how a learner perceives, interacts with, and responds to the learning environmentRead More The Audio-Lingual Method for Teaching Languages1398 Words   |  6 Pageswell as evaluate its usage compared to other mainstream teaching approaches. However before the method is analysed in itself, two factors must be recognised in order to understand the method. These factors cover the methods functionality and its theory in which it is based on. Firstly the analysis of Language was becoming increasingly prominent and structural linguistics was seen as the best way forward after grammatical analysis had been under heavy scrutiny in western culture due to its inaccuracyRead MoreActive Experimentation And Its Effects On Reality And The Starting Of The Cycle1116 Words   |  5 Pagesthe transformation of realism into reality and the starting of the cycle again. For Rudolph et al, (2006) this is the result of resolving previous behavioural dilemmas. For me, it is a question of incorporating the discovered knowledge in to our frames of reference, to allow the missing link to sink in. Once again, I consider that the degree of learning experience of the learner is important to achieve this. I have not been able to map this last step of Kolb’s cycle with a simulation experience asRead MoreApplications of the Self-Efficacy Theory in Long-term Degenerative Neurological Conditions1266 Words   |  5 PagesUsing a Self-efficacy Based Model to Explore the Applicability of the Self-efficacy Theory in Long-term Degenerative Neurological Conditions: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Targeted Journal: Journal of Neurology Critical Reviewsâ„ ¢ in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Introduction: A long-term degenerative neurological condition (LTDNC) is a term used to describe diseases that affect the nervous system leading to its degeneration. ConditionsRead MoreClassroom Behavior Management Pl Guidelines3306 Words   |  14 PagesEEA305- CLASSROOM BEHAVIOUR MANAGEMENT PLAN: 1. Assertive discipline Characteristics and Key points: †¢ This type of teacher believed that he or she has the right to enforce order in their classrooms, so that teaching and learning can occur †¢ The teacher takes on an authoritarian role where most of the instructional activities are teacher lead and directed †¢ A series of classroom rules will be developed so that the students can follow for guidance of what is acceptable and what is not †¢ Although A Critique of the Behavioural Theories of Learning A CRITIQUE OF THE BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES OF LEARNING One of the most debated issues in psychology pertains to the nature and meaning of learning. The systematic study of learning is relatively new as it was in the late nineteenth century that studies in this realm began in a scientific manner. Psychologists borrowed techniques from the physical sciences, and conducted experiments to understand how people and animals learn. Psychologists have tried in the past to define and explain how learning takes place. Two of the most important early researchers were Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike. Among later researchers, B. F. Skinner was important for his studies of the relationship between behaviour and consequences. They are also known as†¦show more content†¦The famous study of Watson (Myers D.G. P 298) on a young boy Albert involved the sounding of a loud noise by a hammer stuck on steel whenever the boy saw a white rat. After seven repetitions of a white rat accompanied by a frightful sound, Albert started crying on just se eing the rat. This fear was generalized as five days later he showed fear to a white rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat but not to objects dissimilar to a rat. Limitations Of Classical Conditioning The main criticism raised against classical conditioning is that it does not give importance to inner feelings, thoughts, desires and motives. It is called reductionist as it reduces behaviour to stimulus and response. Another criticism of behaviourism is that it tends to be mechanistic. This means we merely respond to our environment, and have no control over it. It is also disapproved of, as it is alleged to be deterministic (Keegan, G.). This means the approach believes we passively respond to stimuli in our environment. We have little free will, or exercise of control over our environment, or the objects, events, and people within it.Show MoreRelatedA Critique of the Behavioural Theories of Learning4629 Words   |  19 PagesA CRITIQUE OF THE BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES OF LEARNING One of the most debated issues in psychology pertains to the nature and meaning of learning. The systematic study of learning is relatively new as it was in the late nineteenth century that studies in this realm began in a scientific manner. Psychologists borrowed techniques from the physical sciences, and conducted experiments to understand how people and animals learn. Psychologists have tried in the past to define and explain how learningRead MoreThe Problem Of White Collar Criminality918 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferential association theory is in some ways flawed as the heart of Sutherland’s (1939) approach is based on the concept of learning amongst people who share the same anti criminal or pro criminal values and attitudes. In white collar crime, the offender is typically well educated and has been brought up in groups with anti-criminal values. ‘Are we dealing with crimes committed for or against organizations?’ (Nelken: 2002: 851) This must mean tha t the process of learning has happened in some otherRead MoreManaging Organisational And Individual Change Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pagespp.14, 15) define learning as â€Å"The process of acquiring knowledge through experience which leads to a change in behaviour†. Being diagnosed with diabetes involves learning, â€Å"Kolb’s learning cycle 1984† activist stage describes individuals that want to dive into the swimming pool and see what happens, I guess I was more forced into this learning stage rather than wanting to be in this stage. One psychological theory I can relate to my experience of change is Piaget’s theory of cognitive developmentRead MoreChild Abuse Is A Serious Concern Of Society1570 Words   |  7 Pagessociety because of the negative effects on later social and psychological functioning. Particularly, the concern of ‘the cycle of violence hypothesis’ which is one of the most influential conceptual models for antisocial behaviour in the social and behavioural science (DeLisi, Kosloski, Vaughn, Caudill, Trulson, 2014; Lansford, Miller-Johnson, Berlin, Dodge, Bates, Pettit, 2007). Numerous studies have documented the association between childhood physical abuse and later aggressive behavior and violenceRead MoreIlm Leadership859 Words   |  4 Pagesperformance (M5.29) 5 6 Assessment criteria (the learner can) 1.1 Review the prevailing leadership styles in the organisation Assess the impact of the prevailing leadership styles on the organisation’s values and performance Level: Credit value: Learning outcomes (the learner will) 1 Understand leadership styles within an organisation 1.2 2 Be able to review effectiveness of own leadership capability and performance in meeting organisational values and goals 2.1 Assess own abilityRead MoreLearning Styles Literary Review1726 Words   |  7 PagesTheories and Principles of Learning (TPPL) Assignment Part A – Literature review analysing theories and principles of learning. Learning Styles A student’s individual learning style is their normal reaction to information or experiences. For example, Keefe (1979) defines learning styles as the composite of characteristic cognitive, affective, and physiological factors that serve as relatively stable indicators of how a learner perceives, interacts with, and responds to the learning environmentRead More The Audio-Lingual Method for Teaching Languages1398 Words   |  6 Pageswell as evaluate its usage compared to other mainstream teaching approaches. However before the method is analysed in itself, two factors must be recognised in order to understand the method. These factors cover the methods functionality and its theory in which it is based on. Firstly the analysis of Language was becoming increasingly prominent and structural linguistics was seen as the best way forward after grammatical analysis had been under heavy scrutiny in western culture due to its inaccuracyRead MoreActive Experimentation And Its Effects On Reality And The Starting Of The Cycle1116 Words   |  5 Pagesthe transformation of realism into reality and the starting of the cycle again. For Rudolph et al, (2006) this is the result of resolving previous behavioural dilemmas. For me, it is a question of incorporating the discovered knowledge in to our frames of reference, to allow the missing link to sink in. Once again, I consider that the degree of learning experience of the learner is important to achieve this. I have not been able to map this last step of Kolb’s cycle with a simulation experience asRead MoreApplications of the Self-Efficacy Theory in Long-term Degenerative Neurological Conditions1266 Words   |  5 PagesUsing a Self-efficacy Based Model to Explore the Applicability of the Self-efficacy Theory in Long-term Degenerative Neurological Conditions: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Targeted Journal: Journal of Neurology Critical Reviewsâ„ ¢ in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Introduction: A long-term degenerative neurological condition (LTDNC) is a term used to describe diseases that affect the nervous system leading to its degeneration. ConditionsRead MoreClassroom Behavior Management Pl Guidelines3306 Words   |  14 PagesEEA305- CLASSROOM BEHAVIOUR MANAGEMENT PLAN: 1. Assertive discipline Characteristics and Key points: †¢ This type of teacher believed that he or she has the right to enforce order in their classrooms, so that teaching and learning can occur †¢ The teacher takes on an authoritarian role where most of the instructional activities are teacher lead and directed †¢ A series of classroom rules will be developed so that the students can follow for guidance of what is acceptable and what is not †¢ Although

Cartoons Land Of Imagination Essay Example For Students

Cartoons: Land Of Imagination Essay Cartoons: Land of ImaginationJust as Moses climbed Mount Sinai to receive the ten commands, thefollowing are the ten laws that govern my most interesting place. 1. Any bodysuspended in space will remain in space until made aware of its situation. 2. Any body in motion will tend to remain in motion until solid matter intervenessuddenly. 3. Any body passing through solid matter will leave a perforationconforming to its perimeter. 4. The time required for an object to fall twentystories is greater than or equal to the time it takes for whoever knocked it offthe ledge to spiral down twenty flights to attempt to capture it unbroken. 5. All principles of gravity are negated by fear. 6. As speed increases, objectscan be in several places at once. 7. Certain bodies can pass through solidwalls painted to resemble tunnel entrances; others cannot. 8. Any violentrearrangement of feline matter is impermanent. 9. Everything falls faster thanan anvil. 10. For every vengeance there is an equal and opposite revengeance. These laws are the laws of the Cartoon Universe. The Cartoon Universe is not a tangible substance, rather an explorationinto imagination. It is this facet that makes this universe more appealing thanour own. One is free to create and manipulate not only the physical actions ofa character, but the mental behavior as well. If my recollection serves mecorrect, aside from hypnosis, there is nowhere else that this is possible. Inthe cartoon world, anything goes. There are no boundaries to which one isconfined. With a little ingenuity and imagination one can create a place orbeing that has never existed before. Scribble, scribble, squeak, squeak, the colored pencils glideeffortlessly over the white canvas. A dab of golden yellow, a speck of sky blue. Within several minutes I have create my ideal woman. Blond hair, blue eyes,wearing a tight fitting black mini-skirt. Perfect in appearance and poise, andnothing but words of encouragement and love linger in her black caption. For araging hormonal man of eighteen, this scenario is a dream come true. Cartoons,however are not just a group of characters jumping off cliffs, and getting shotout of cannons. On the contrary, cartoons often have incredible meaning. With the recent presidential elections, many cartoons have been inventedrepresenting the two current candidates: Bill Clinton and Bob Dole. Politicalsatire, although often humorous, is meant to convey a message to the reader. The cartoonist has cleverly transposed his own thoughts, into that of hischaracters. Many environmental issues have been tackled as well. Captain Planet, is an environmental superhero with supernatural powers,the combination of the Planeteers powers magnified. Each character representsa different force of nature: earth, fire, wind, water, and heart. He also canbecome any one of these forces. However, if Captain Planet is exposed topollutants: acid rain, toxic, waste, smog, etc., his powers are temporarilyweakened, and he must return to Earth to recharge. Each episode is designedto confront an environmental problem. The five characters, each equipped witha ring, bane together in times of trouble. By placing their rings next to eachother, Captain Planet appears. Captain Planet, using the powers of the fiveindividuals, swarms around the earth correcting problems when needed. Although,this is a far fetch from reality, there is truth to it. What this cartoonrepresents is, aside from the fact that we must keep out environment sound foreverything living, is that it is very difficult to solve a problem alone, butwith team-work often it is easy. Just as Captain Planet represents the evilsinflicted by selfish human beings, the Jetsons explore this in a differentmanner. .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14 , .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14 .postImageUrl , .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14 , .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14:hover , .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14:visited , .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14:active { border:0!important; } .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14:active , .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14 .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u61c1421d43e11aac40c728769182bf14:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Modest Proposal Response PaperThe Jetsons a futuristic cartoon, represent what life may be like. Inthe cartoon, families live above the stratosphere of the earth due to enormouspollution created by thousands of years of human habitation. Houses are builton long high rise poles with platforms at the top. The surface of the earth isno longer used for any practical purpose. Shopping centers, restaurants,schools, offices, etc., are left free floating in the sky. Scooby-Doo, Where Are You? starred one of the longest-running cartooncharacters in TV cartoon history. What we remember are four teenagers and theirtrusted dog galloping across the country in their purple and green van solvingmysteries of all sort and in the process, meeting all kinds of interestingpeople. The truth, however, is that they were four high-school dropouts, whowith their